Public+Education

> The Development of Public Education: By Foster Bundy >  > >  > 
 * **Introduction to the life of 19th century school: **
 * Until the 1840's, education was not an established system in the United States
 * The only schools functioning were local and regional private institutions which the extent and type of schooling depended on the funds, resources and values of the city or town
 * Eton, Harrow, Westminster, Rugby, Winchester, Charterhouse, and Shrewsbury, and two London day schools, St. Pauls and Merchant Taylors's, were defined as the first "Public Schools" in the 1860s
 * Most schools provided an education to boys of wealthy families and some received tutoring from private tutors
 * **Horrace Mann and Henry Barnard had a vision: **
 * **Created the "Common-School Movement" **
 * **By the end of the 19th century, they obtained their goals of providing an education to all children and continuing it their way until it would become mandate for children of elementary age to attend school. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Important Dates: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In 1833, the government awarded grants of money to schools. Not everyone who ran the schools were able to read themselves so the standard of education was not very good.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In 1844, Parliament passed a law requiring children working in factories be given six-half-days schooling every week. ' <span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Ragged School ** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">s' were set up to provide free basic education for orphans and very poor children.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In 1870, Parliament passed the Forster's Education Act, requiring all parts of Britain to provide schools to children aged 5 to 12. However, not all these school were free so many could not afford the 'school's pence' each week. As it was not mandatory to attend school many children still didn't go to school. They worked and earned money for the family instead.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Hardships: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">First schools were made with logs or boards
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Students were taught in a multi-grade school room
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Children of various ages were taught by one teacher in a one room school house
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Temperature was a large factor and many students got sick in the winter
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">For the only source of heat might be a small wood burning stove and sometimes the children and teacher would gather around the stove on the cold days to do their learning

> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> > > <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">How did education improve through the 19th Century?: <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> Video: <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">[]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Elementary (grade) School: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Teachers were educated: // **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Bishops gate Institute was built using funds from charitable endowments made to the parish of St. Botolph.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">These had been collected by the parish for over 500 years, but a scheme agreed by the Charity Commissioners in 1891, enabled these to be drawn together into one endowment.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">What did the children learn at school? // **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Typical lessons at school included the three Rs - <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">R ** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">eading, W <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">R ** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">iting and Dictation, and A <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">R ** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">ithmetic.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In addition to the three Rs which were taught most of the day, once a week the children learned geography, history and singing
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The girls learned how to sew.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">How many years did a student stay in grade school for? // **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">It wasn't until 1880 that schooling became mandatory. All children had to attend a school until they were 10 years old. In 1889, the school leaving age was raised to twelve.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">What was the average class size? // **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">There could be as many as 70 or 80 pupils in one class, especially in cities.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">What was school like? // **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The teachers were very strict with discipline b/c they didn't know how else to get through to them
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Children were often taught by reading and copying things down, or chanting things till they were perfect
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">How much did school cost for children? // **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Schools were not free until 1891. Up until then children had to pay to go to school.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The money required to attend, depended on the school that the children were attending which the prices varied.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">**//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Did the wealthy children attend public school? //**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Girls from upper class families were taught by a governess at home
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Boys were often sent to public schools like Eaton. In 19th century public schools boys were taught the classics like Latin but little else
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Science and technical subjects were neglected
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Public schools also placed great emphasis on character building through sports and games.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">//**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Did the poor children attend public school? **//
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Poor children went to free charity schools or ' <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Dame ** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">' schools (so called because they were run by women) for young children
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">They also went to <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Sunday Schools ** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> which were run by churches. There they learned bible stories and were taught to read a little
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">A Day in the Life of a Student: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Children began day with chores
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Following their daily chores they would set off for their long journey to school
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The school day usually began with prayers and religious instruction.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Morning lessons ran from 9a.m. to 12p.m. Children often went home for a meal, then returned for afternoon classes from 2p.m. to 5p.m [[image:http://www.chesapeake.edu/library/photo1.gif caption="Photo Gallery - The common school"]]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Secondary School (High School): **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">//**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Why were they created? **//
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Public High Schools were developed in the early 1800's as a public education alternative to the private academies of the 18th Century.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The schools focused on a practical curriculum with college preparatory classes.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Boys and girls went there to improve their old subjects as well as new ones such as language and math.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">College: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Boys went to college to learn about other subjects such as science and language for their future jobs **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">They attended colleges such as Oxford and Cambridge to name a few but really only went if they had enough money **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10.2pt; line-height: 200%;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Later in the 18th century, more colleges for women opened such as Bedford but men rioted against women getting degrees **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Little by little, public schools also became more inclusive. During the second half of the 19th century, free public schools became accessible to most children in the South and the West, and education became compulsory in most states.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">More girls began to attend school, and secondary schools became more prevalent. After the Civil War, public schools were created for African American children. Although these schools were segregated and generally substandard, they provided schooling for children who previously had little, if any, access to education.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Segregated schools continued to operate in many areas until the middle of the 20th century.

Works Cited <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 28px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Websites: ** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Video: ** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Common Classroom //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">. Photograph. //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Victorian Schools //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">. Web. 25 Sept. 2009. <http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/victorians/children/schools.htm>.
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Common School //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">. Photograph. //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">19th Century Education //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">. Web. 23 Sept. 2009. <http://www.chesapeake.edu/library/EDU_101/eduhist_19thC.asp>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">"Education in Victorian England." //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Victorian Web: An Overview //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">. Web. 26 Sept. 2009. <http://www.victorianweb.org/history/education/index.html>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">"A History of Education." //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Local and National Histories //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">. Web. 26 Sept. 2009. <http://www.localhistories.org/education.html>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">"Victorian Nursery 19th Century Children." //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Free Website Hosting – Angelfire free website templates to make your own free website //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">. Web. 25 Sept. 2009. <http://www.angelfire.com/ar3/townevictorian/victoriannursery.html>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Databases: **<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">ABC-CLIO Social Studies Databases: Login //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. <http://www.worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Home/Default.aspx>.
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">GaleNet //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History;jsessionid=882057E76F67D2AF7674743F73788532?locID=sain62671>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Primary: **<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">"19th Century Schoolbooks Collection." Web. 27 Sept. 2009. <http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/text-idx?c=nietz;view=toc;idno=00aep6689m>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">"YouTube - Education Today and Tomorrow." <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. // <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Web. 27 Sept. 2009. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fnh9q_cQcUE>.

(I tried to indent the second and thirds lines for my bibliography but the wiki wouldn't allow me to so I put them in bullets.) <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">